Nothing comes for free, alas ...

Britain's £800m international project to help the poorest countries in the world adapt to climate change was under fire last night after it emerged that almost all the money offered by Gordon Brown will have to be repaid with interest.

The UK environmental transformation fund was announced by the prime minister to international acclaim in November 2007, and was widely expected to be made in direct grants to countries experiencing extreme droughts, storms and sea level rise associated with climate change.

But the Guardian has learned that the money is not additional British aid and will be administered by the World Bank mainly in the form of concessionary loans which poor countries will have to pay back to Britain with interest.

A letter signed by two government ministers and seen by the Guardian shows that Britain has been pressing other G8 countries to also give money to the new fund, which will be launched in July in Japan at the G8's annual meeting.

"UK contributions from the environmental transformation fund ... will need to be primarily concessional loans. We will also talk to other donor countries about the possibility of grants," the letter, signed by environment minister Phil Woolas and international aid counterpart Gareth Thomas, said.

The letter shows that the US has resisted the idea of loans, preferring to give developing countries grants. "We understand that grants would be the US preferred approach," the British ministers say. Both their departments are understood to have argued strongly that the money should be in direct grant form on principle, but were overruled by the Treasury.

Last night several countries joined environment and development groups to condemn the loans. "We need urgently to prepare for climate change, but we are not in a position to pay back loans," said a spokesman for the Bangladesh high commission in London.

"The climate situation has not been created by us. The money should come spontaneously from rich countries and not be a loan." Bangladesh expects up to 80 million people to be displaced by climate change within 50 years.

A senior Brazilian diplomat was "indignant" that poor countries should have to borrow the money to prepare their populations for climate change. "It is not nearly enough money to tackle the problem, but I am not surprised. Increasing the debt of countries is not a good idea."

Development groups said they were dismayed that climate adaptation funds would be funded by any sort of loan. "The money should be additional to aid," said Toby Quantrill, head of international government at WWF.

"It should be grants and not loans, otherwise developing countries will have to pay twice, once for the emissions that caused the problems and then again to clean up the mess," said Tom Sharman, a policy adviser with ActionAid in London. "This is not money that is additional to Britain's aid budget. It seems strange to be cancelling debt and then inviting poor countries to take on new debt."

The fund will be promoted as the G8's showpiece contribution to developing countries at the next meeting of the organisation, in Japan in July. The US and Japan are understood to have agreed to contribute but figures have not yet been decided. Britain hopes that the fund will attract more than £1.5bn.

The principle of a major fund to help poor countries adapt has been widely welcomed because the international community has so far contributed very little. The World Bank administers 10 climate funds but the majority have little money available.

Concerns were also expressed that the World Bank, to which Britain is now the largest contributor, is now becoming the main disburser of international money for climate change as well as a major funder of climate change emissions.

"Between 2005 and 2007 the Bank financed greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuel projects from coal, oil and gas to the tune of $1.5bn (£767m). At the same time the Bank acts as trustee to 10 greenhouse gas-reducing funds, pocketing an average 13% 'overhead' in the process", said Janet Redman, an analyst with Washington thinktank Foreign Policy in Focus.

According to the government, the £800m will be spent over the next three years, focusing on projects that support development through environmental protection and which help poor countries to tackle climate change. Of the money, £50m has been earmarked for helping 10 countries in central Africa to tackle deforestation in the Congo basin.

In a statement placed on the Department for International Development (Dfid) website, a government spokeswoman said: "A number of details are still under discussion, including the structure of the funds, how they are governed, which countries are prioritised for funding, and how much money different donors will commit.

"The World Bank is currently consulting widely on the proposals. Dfid, Defra [the environment department] and other Whitehall departments will continue to participate in further consultation discussions with the World Bank, other multilateral and bilateral donors, developing countries, the UN system and civil society with the aim of launching the funds at the G8 summit in July.

"Funding should support country-owned action plans and must be consistent with wider poverty reduction activities at a country level."

Taken from The Guardian, 17 May 2008, UK demands repayment of climate aid to poor nations, by John Vidal.

It's getting late ...

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has reached a record high, according to new figures that renew fears that climate change could begin to slide out of control.

Scientists at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii say that CO2 levels in the atmosphere now stand at 387 parts per million (ppm), up almost 40% since the industrial revolution and the highest for at least the last 650,000 years.

The figures, published by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on its website, also confirm that carbon dioxide, the chief greenhouse gas, is accumulating in the atmosphere faster than expected. The annual mean growth rate for 2007 was 2.14ppm – the fourth year in the past six to see an annual rise greater than 2ppm. From 1970 to 2000, the concentration rose by about 1.5ppm each year, but since 2000 the annual rise has leapt to an average 2.1ppm.

Scientists say the shift could indicate that the Earth is losing its natural ability to soak up billions of tons of carbon each year. Climate models assume that about half our future emissions will be re-absorbed by forests and oceans, but the new figures confirm this may be too optimistic. If more of our carbon pollution stays in the atmosphere, it means emissions will have to be cut by more than currently projected to prevent dangerous levels of global warming.

Martin Parry, co-chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's working group on impacts, said: "Despite all the talk, the situation is getting worse. Levels of greenhouse gases continue to rise in the atmosphere and the rate of that rise is accelerating. We are already seeing the impacts of climate change and the scale of those impacts will also accelerate, until we decide to do something about it."

Taken from The Guardian, 12 May 2008, World CO2 levels reach record high, scientists warn by David Adam.

Water Stress

According to the IPCC, 75-250 million people will be exposed to "increased water stress" (i.e. will have trouble accessing water) by 2020.

Alas, water stress is not a futuristic concept. It is probably at the root of one the ugliest, most tragic and longest-lasting conflicts in the world. Drying up Palestine is an eye-opening documentary by Rima Essa and Peter Snowdon (screened at last year's Festival des Images de la Mer in Brussels) that sheds light on the stresses and strains imposed on Palestinian society by Israel’s almost total control over access to water and sewage facilities in the Occupied Territories.

Click here to watch it and glean an insight into this climate-related problem that is bound to grow in frequency and intensity in the coming years.

Favourite pic of the month

Taken from The Guardian's The Week in Wildlife
London, UK: Conchita, a three-week-old white-naped mangabey with its constant teddy bear companion. The monkey is currently being hand reared while its mother recuperates from a caesarian.

More sci-fi?

Blue Alert – Climate Migrants in South Asia: Estimates and Solutions is a paper authored by Dr Sudhir Chella Rajan, professor of Humanities and Social Sciences at IIT Madras, and a climate expert. She estimates the number of people who could be displaced from their homes as a result of climate change at 125 million in India and Bangladesh alone.

Blue Alert warns that if greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow under the business-as-usual scenario as projected, leading to global temperature rise by 4-5°C , the South Asian region could face a wave of migrants displaced by the impacts of climate change, including sea level rise and drought associated with shrinking water supplies and monsoon variability. Dr. Chella Rajan recommended that “India should seek policy options that are proactive in terms of developing international strategies to reduce the risk of destructive climate change. We cannot wait for the inevitable to happen and hope to adapt to it.”

For more information, click here

Photo: Courtesy of Dino Mangion

The palm oil tragedies

Greenpeace is urging its members and society at large to petition Unilever (the company that, among other things, produces the Dove cosmetics range) for buying palm oil from suppliers who are rapidly destroying Indonesia's rainforests. If you are concerned about multinationals burning up Borneo, please send a letter to Unilever now!

Besides being treasures of biodiversity (the orangutan, for instance, can only be found in Borneo and as a result is critically threatened by the destruction of its habitat), tropical forests are essential carbon sinks and therefore instrumental in keeping global warming at bay. Forest destruction is responsible for approximately 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Destruction of Indonesia’s peatland forests alone accounts for 4% of global annual emissions, placing the country 3rd in the global rankings behind the US and China. The tiny province of Riau, on the island of Sumatra, already holds 25% of the country’s palm oil plantations and there are plans to expand these by 200%. This would have devastating consequences for Riau’s peatlands, which store a massive 14.6 billion tonnes of carbon - equivalent to one year’s global greenhouse gas emissions.

Indonesia’s Government and the palm oil industry should heed the growing European rejection of Indonesian palm oil. Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Italy have all recently taken measures to limit destructively sourced Indonesian palm oil from getting onto their markets. Only in the last few weeks Belgium’s Antwerp Province has refused to grant environmental permits for the construction of at least one palm oil power plant on the grounds that they would be ‘unsustainable’.

Unilever claims that it is leading the search to find solutions to achieving sustainable palm oil. However, when asked how many sustainable palm oil plantations existed in Indonesia today, the embarrassed answer was - None.

Partial victory

The European Court of Justice has decided to uphold a request by the European Commission to ban spring hunting this year until a final decision is taken by the court on the future of spring hunting. To date Maltese hunters had been allowed to hunt for Turtle Dove and Quail.

The decision was welcomed by BirdLife Malta.

"The overwhelming majority of the Maltese are against spring hunting and they want to see their government protect our common European natural heritage. It is now time for law enforcement against illegal bird shooting and trapping to be stepped up so that this ban will be effective," BirdLife president Joseph Mangion said.

The court, headed by President of the Court, Vassilios Skouris, had been deliberating on the interim measure since April 2, when the last oral submissions by lawyers for the Maltese government and the Commission were made behind closed doors.

The Maltese government had argued that spring hunting should be allowed in terms of a derogation negotiated as part of the EU accession package.

Malta's team of lawyers included a Belgian lawyer specialising in the environment and in the Birds Directive.

Hearings before the court for a final decision on the future of spring hunting have not started yet.

The Commission is asking the court to declare that, by failing to meet the conditions set out in Article 9 of Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds, the Republic of Malta has failed to fulfill its obligations under Article 7 of the Directive forthe hunting of quail and turtle dove during spring migration.

Since accession to EU on May 1, 2004, the Maltese authorities have exercised the right to apply the derogation in Article 9(1) of the directive for the hunting of quail and turtle dove during the spring migration period when they return to their nesting ground.

The question raised in the proceedings is whether the Maltese authorities fall within the scope of the derogation in Article 9 (1) which would permit the hunting of the species in question in spring on the basis that there is no other satisfactory solution.

Taken from The Times of Malta, 24 April 2008